40 years later: How women from both sides experienced the revolution
2019 Julio Nicaragua
Was there a female way of experiencing the revolution? The answer is affirmative. Yes, there was and it was very different if we’re talking about the...
The Ortega–Murillo partnership’s perverse repression and betrayal
2019 Julio Nicaragua
Nicaragua’s history is piled high with battles in defense of its identity. Like the rest of Latin America, the country fought for its political, cultural...
“We must avoid a civil war at all cost”
2018 Noviembre Nicaragua
There’s nothing good about war. I experienced it for years and I’m increasingly convinced that nothing good comes of it. Now, thanks to what we’ve...
Veterans with disabilities still fighting battles in peacetime
2018 Febrero El Salvador
The Chapultepec Accords that put an end to a dozen years of war were signed 26 years ago this January 16. As a result of that war, the Salvadoran people...
Political prisoners: “The Fifth Front” 36 years later
2016 Agosto El Salvador
The Political Prisoners’ Committee of El Salvador (COPPES) was formed in September 1980 with a hunger strike in the Santa Tecla prison grounds and in...
A book bathed in tears
2016 Agosto Guatemala
I first learned about Ixcan: Masacres y sobrevivencia (Ixcan: Massacres and survival) by Ricardo Falla in 1989. It was hidden in the catacombs...
Deceit, disappointment and anger are again accumulating in rural Nicaragua
2014 Mayo Nicaragua
The history of the Nicaraguan peasantry is one of continuous processes of expropriation and usurpation of its resources. In recent history, the multiethnic...
Rearming in the north and reforming the Constitution
2013 Noviembre Nicaragua
Right before the Day of the Dead, we learned that the FSLN National Assembly bench had been given a sneak preview of a bill reforming 39 articles of...
34 years of blameful forgetfulness, 23 of interested memory (part 2)
2013 Agosto Nicaragua
In an insightful paper delivered to circumspect lawyers, German historian Reinhart Koselleck took a look at various historiographical tendencies, distinguishing...
Memories of the betrayed generation
2011 Septiembre Nicaragua
An extensive group of Nicaraguan adults survived the ten-year civil war that pitted members of the Sandinista Popular Army (EPS), including guys just...
Memories of a lost generation
2011 Julio Nicaragua
July marks the 32nd anniversary of the initiation of the Popular Sandinista Revolution, which inspired so many of our parents, committing them to a common...
The Lost War against Drugs And Other Wars
2011 Abril México
According to the 2010 census, Mexico has 112.3 million inhabitants, making it the world’s eleventh most populated country. The population pyramid narrows...
The Right to Memory
2010 Mayo El Salvador
The first enormous task of the Museum of the Word and Image was to safeguard documentary records from different origins and in a variety of formats (audiovisuals,...
Always at War against Someone
2003 Marzo Internacional
In the middle of last year, while this war was incubating, George W. Bush declared that “we must be ready to attack any obscure corner of the world.”...
The Scars of War: De-mining Fields and Minds
2003 Enero Nicaragua
Journalistically speaking, peace is not selling well at this moment in history when everything appears to be subject to its market value. The roar of...
There’s Only One Valid Way Out of the War in Colombia
2002 Abril Nicaragua
Declaring a war and winning it are two different things, just as winning it is not the same as obtaining peace. Our collective memory is so short that...
The World on the Ropes
2001 Octubre Internacional
The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center towers and their subsequent destruction was an act of insanity that graphically demonstrates the giant...
Guatemala’s Women During the Long War: “Treated Worse than Animals”
1999 Julio Guatemala
Close to two hundred thousand dead and disappeared, one million displaced, over four hundred villages destroyed, two hundred thousand children orphaned...
USA-NATO vs. Yugoslavia: The Empire’s Impunity
1999 Mayo Internacional
NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia under us auspices is unprecedented. It is the first time since World War II that NATO has launched a military offensive...
"Memory of Silence:" A Stunning Indictment
1999 Abril Guatemala
The Historical Clarification Commission (CEH) presented its unexpectedly frank report on February 25 in Guatemala's National Theater. It was a fitting...
US Chemical Weapons in Panama: A Dangerous Legacy
1998 Septiembre Panamá
In early 1998, the United States went to the brink of war with Iraq over the latter country's refusal to comply with United Nations resolutions regarding...
Some Voices of the 55,000 Victims
1998 Mayo Guatemala
Exactly three years ago, on April 25, 1995, we publicly presented the REMHI Project; an interdiocesan pastoral work whose objective was to open consoling...
Why Did the Rearmed Rearm?
1998 Febrero Nicaragua
DESPITE THE MULTIPLE ACCORDS SIGNED BY THE CENTRAL AMERICAN PRESIDENTS AND by Nicaraguan Resistance (RN) and Sandinista government commissions, the RN...
War Embedded in the Culture
1997 Julio Guatemala
Guatemala's political climate has changed drastically in the last five months, according to the media. The moderate approval given the government for...
What Laws Protect The War Wounded?
1996 Enero Nicaragua
What is left of the war in Nicaragua? The mantra heard daily is that the war is behind us, that we've gotten over it, that we need to get over it...but...
Deactivating Mines: Pacifying Nature
1995 Septiembre Nicaragua
Mined territories are one of the scars of all violent conflicts, whatever their origin and duration. Mines have been used massively since World War...
The Armed Conflict in Estelí
1993 Septiembre Nicaragua
The events visited upon Estelí in late July are a tragic new milestone in Nicaragua's current crisis of violence. The description and assessment contained...
The Unending Calvary of Mothers of the Disappeared
1993 Julio Nicaragua
The war that devastated Nicaragua during the 1980s left more than 150,000 victims, including dead, disabled, widowed and orphaned. But there are still...
El Salvador On Amnesty
1993 Mayo El Salvador
In the wake of a civil war lasting more than a decade, few in El Salvador question the need for mechanisms providing for legal pardon. Yet the capricious,...
Some Birds with Clipped Wings Still Fly
1992 Octubre Nicaragua
They're young, for the most part, like the others. But they're different. A war they didn't seek—none had ambitions to be a hero—ripped a piece out...
The “Revueltos”: Just the Tip of the Iceberg
1992 Junio Nicaragua
In recent weeks, thousands of "revueltos" have taken over farms, villages and cities and blocked roads and highways throughout the country. The...
Behind the Birth of the Recontras
1991 Octubre Nicaragua
"It's not true that [the FSLN] lost the peasants; we never had them."
—Daniel Ortega Saavedra to FSLN Departmental Congress, June 13, 1991,...
Waslala: Anatomy of a Conflict
1990 Noviembre Nicaragua
For three days at the beginning of October, the town of Waslala on the agricultural frontier 95 miles northeast of Managua teetered on the brink of anarchy....
The War Ends—Where is Peace?
1990 Julio Nicaragua
"Have you seen the main strewr of town?” exclaimed one international worker about El Almendro, the biggest contra security zone. “It's like something...
Contra Accords
1990 Junio Nicaragua
In this issue, envío has compiled and unofficially translated the texts of the last four accords signed by the contras: the May 30 Accord just signed,...
Just the Facts: US Military Interventions
1990 Febrero Internacional
The US population has a strong self-image of charity toward those "less fortunate," both at home and abroad. Many, as a result, cannot comprehend the...
The FMLN Offensive—Search for a Negotiated Solution
1990 Febrero El Salvador
Is an offensive of the caliber of the one begun on November 11 by the FMLN, El Salvador's guerrilla movement, merely an expression of militarism or an...
Agreements and Accords: Nicaragua and Honduras
1989 Septiembre Nicaragua
Bilateral Accord Between Nicaragua and Honduras
Unofficial Translation
The President of the Republic of Honduras, José Azcona Hoyo and the...
Tela Agreement (Unofficial Translation)
1989 Septiembre Nicaragua
The Central American Presidents, meeting in the port city of Tela in the Republic of Honduras on August 5, 6 and 7, 1989,
Taking into consideration...
Political Agreement (Unofficial Translation)
1989 Septiembre Nicaragua
On August 3 and 4, 1989, the President of the Republic of Nicaragua, Commander of the Revolution Daniel Ortega Saavedra, and representatives of legally...
And the People Rose Up; Testimonies of the Insurrection in Masaya
1989 Julio Nicaragua
On the tenth anniversary of the Nicaraguan revolution, we invite you to look back at the bravery, sacrifice and pure stubbornness that led the Nicaraguan...
News of Contras' Death Greatly Exaggerated
1989 Junio Nicaragua
Interview with Lieutenant Colonel Ricardo Wheelock Román
The US press conveys the impression that the contras are dead and their...
Just The Facts
1989 Febrero Nicaragua
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Continue the Low-Intensity Conflict Or Go for Total War?
1989 Enero El Salvador
With the Reagan era winding down and the Bush presidency yet to gell, events in El Salvador are moving forward at a frantic pace that could well have...
Road Ends at El Rama: A Case Study of the War
1988 Junio Nicaragua
“It seems to me that with Sapoá or without it, this is going to be the corner where the last contras put up their final fight. This little place...
Revolutionizing Health- A study in Complexity
1988 Febrero Nicaragua
It is often said in Nicaragua that the revolution's health care system has not only fallen into crisis but that its model was unrealistic from the outset....
The War after Esquipulas III—In Check but not Checkmate
1988 Febrero Nicaragua
The confrontation between little Nicaragua and Ronald Reagan’s imperial policies is entering its eighth and final year. What Nicaragua has been defending...
Reagan & Co. Mine the Road to Peace
1988 Enero Nicaragua
With the deadline established in the Esquipulas II accords approaching and preparations for Esquipulas III—a meeting of the Central American Presidents...
Cease – fire Talks Contras After Power Not Peace
1987 Diciembre Nicaragua
The Esquipulas II peace accords have been a profoundly important step along the road to peace in Nicaragua. Since they were signed, questions have arisen...
In from the Cold: An Ex-Contras Speaks
1987 Octubre Nicaragua
"In Honduras, they're saying that the Sandinistas drew and quartered me. But here I am: alive, OK. The amnesty program's guarantees are real." These...
Dole-Ortega Exchange: A Lesson in Sovereignty
1987 Septiembre Nicaragua
On the way to Costa Rica from Honduras, a delegation of five Republican senators stopped in Nicaragua for the afternoon of August 31. They arrived at...
Brother Tomas, Martyr of the Church of the Poor
1987 Agosto Nicaragua
Brother Tomás Zavaleta, a 40-year-old Franciscan friar from El Salvador, is the first member of the Catholic clergy to become a victim of the counterrevolutionary...
Reagan vs. Nicaragua Beginning the Final Lap
1987 Agosto Nicaragua
This month the Nicaraguan revolution celebrated its eighth birthday in the city of Matagalpa, capital of one of the departments most affected by the...
Another Facet of the War: Refugees and Displaced Persons in Central America
1984 Marzo Centroamérica
Where have they gone? How do they live? What is the significance of these waves of human beings surging across the borders of Central America that...
Continuing Tensions Between Nicaragua And The United States
1981 Diciembre Nicaragua
INTRODUCTIONDuring November, 1981, the threats by the government of the United States toward Nicaragua and Cuba were stepped up dramatically....
Halcón Vista And The Response Of The Nicaraguan People
1981 Noviembre Nicaragua
I. Immediate Precedents:The establishment of the State of Economic and Social Emergency.
In the last envío we analyzed in detail the...